The biophilia hypothesis (also called BET) suggests that humans possess an innate tendency to seek connections with nature and other forms of life.^[1]Edward O. Wilson introduced and popularized the hypothesis in his book, Biophilia (1984).^[2] He defines biophilia as 'the urge to affiliate with other forms of life'.^[3]

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Cyber criminals have created a fake Biophilla app for Android that is really just malware in disguise. Your first red flag should be that Biophilla is officially available on iOS, but not on Android.

Natural affinity for living systems[edit]

Biophilia hypothesis, idea that humans possess an innate tendency to seek connections with nature and other forms of life. The term biophilia was used by German-born American psychoanalyst Erich Fromm and was later popularized by American biologist Edward O. The latest Biophilia Tracker-96%99% Accuracy Biophilia Tracker 4D-Torsion Scanning,Provide download software and technical support. Biophilia is an idea that humans have an innate connection to nature. This connection helps our physical and mental wellbeing. Good biophilic design synthesizes the complexities of modern structures and spaces with design elements that support our health, represented through three broad categories.

'Biophilia' is an innate affinity of life or living systems. The term was first used by Erich Fromm to describe a psychological orientation of being attracted to all that is alive and vital.^[4] Wilson uses the term in a related sense when he suggests that biophilia describes 'the connections that human beings subconsciously seek with the rest of life.' He proposed the possibility that the deep affiliations humans have with other life forms and nature as a whole are rooted in our biology. Both positive and negative (including phobic) affiliations toward natural objects (species, phenomenon) as compared to artificial objects are evidence for biophilia.

Although named by Fromm, the concept of biophilia has been proposed and defined many times over. Aristotle was one of many to put forward a concept that could be summarized as 'love of life'. Diving into the term philia, or friendship, Aristotle evokes the idea of reciprocity and how friendships are beneficial to both parties in more than just one way, but especially in the way of happiness.^[5]

In the book Children and Nature: Psychological, Sociocultural, and Evolutionary Investigations edited by Peter Kahn and Stephen Kellert,^[6] the importance of animals, especially those with which a child can develop a nurturing relationship, is emphasized particularly for early and middle childhood. Chapter 7 of the same book reports on the help that animals can provide to children with autistic-spectrum disorders.^[7]

Product of biological evolution[edit]

Human preferences toward things in nature, while refined through experience and culture, are hypothetically the product of biological evolution. For example, adult mammals (especially humans) are generally attracted to baby mammal faces and find them appealing across species. The large eyes and small features of any young mammal face are far more appealing than those of the mature adults.

Similarly, the hypothesis helps explain why ordinary people care for and sometimes risk their lives to save domestic and wild animals, and keep plants and flowers in and around their homes. In other words, our natural love for life helps sustain life.

Very often, flowers also indicate potential for food later. Most fruits start their development as flowers. For our ancestors, it was crucial to spot, detect and remember the plants that would later provide nutrition.

Biophilia and conservation[edit]

Because of our technological advancements and more time spent inside buildings and cars disconnects us from nature, biophilic activities and time spent in nature may be strengthening our connections as humans to nature, so people continue to have strong urges to reconnect with nature. The concern for a lack of connection with the rest of nature outside of us, is that a stronger disregard for other plants, animals and less appealing wild areas could lead to further ecosystem degradation and species loss. Therefore, reestablishing a connection with nature has become more important in the field of conservation.^[8][9] Examples would be more available green spaces in and around cities, more classes that revolve around nature and implementing smart design for greener cities that integrate ecosystems into them such as biophilic cities. These cities can also become part of wildlife corridors to help with migrational and territorial needs of other animals.^[10]

Development[edit]

The hypothesis has since been developed as part of theories of evolutionary psychology in the book The Biophilia Hypothesis edited by Stephen R. Kellert and Edward O. Wilson^[11] and by Lynn Margulis. Also, Stephen Kellert's work seeks to determine common human responses to perceptions of, and ideas about, plants and animals, and to explain them in terms of the conditions of human evolution.

Biophilic design[edit]

In architecture, biophilic design is a sustainable design strategy that incorporates reconnecting people with the natural environment. It may be seen as a necessary complement to green architecture, which decreases the environmental impact of the built world but does not address human reconnection with the natural world.^[12]Caperna and Serafini^[13] define biophilic design as that kind of architecture, which is able to supply our inborn need of connection to life and to the vital processes. According to Caperna and Serafini,^[14] Biophilic architecture is characterized by the following elements: i) the naturalistic dimension; (ii) the Wholeness ^[15] of the site, that is, 'the basic structure of the place'; (iii) the 'geometric coherency', that is, the physical space must have such a geometrical configuration able to exalt the connections human dimension and built and natural environments.Similarly, biophilic space has been defined as the environment that strengthens life and supports the sociological and psychological components,^[16][17] or, in other words, it is able to:^[18][19] (i) unburden our cognitive system, supporting it in collecting and recognizing more information in the quickest and most efficient way;(ii) foster the optimum of our sensorial system in terms of neuro-motorial influence, avoiding both the depressive and the exciting effects; (iii) induce a strengthening in emotive and biological terms at a neural level; (iv) support, according to the many clinical evidences, the neuro-endocryne and immunological system, especially for those people who are in bad physical condition.

Having a window looking out to plants is also shown to help speed up the healing process of patients in hospitals.^[20] Similarly, having plants in the same room as patients in hospitals also speeds up their healing process.^[21]

Biophilia in fiction[edit]

Canadian author Hilary Scharper explicitly adapted E.O. Wilson's concept of biophilia for her ecogothic novel, Perdita.^[22] In the novel, Perdita (meaning 'the lost one') is a mythological figure who brings biophilia to humanity.

Biophilia and technology[edit]

American philosopher Francis Sanzaro has put forth the claim that because of advances in technological connectivity, especially the internet of things (IOT), our world is becoming increasingly driven by the biophilia hypothesis, namely, the desire to connect to forms of life.^[23] Sanzaro applies Wilson's theories to trends in artificial intelligence and psychoanalysis and argues that technology is not an antithesis to nature, but simply another form of seeking intimacy with nature.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^'biophilia hypothesis.' Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2014.
2. ^Wilson, Edward O. (1984). Biophilia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN0-674-07442-4.
3. ^Kellert & Wilson 1995, p. 416.
4. ^Fromm, Erich (1964). The Heart of Man. Harper & Row.
5. ^Santas, Aristotelis. 'Aristotelian Ethics And Biophilia.' Ethics & The Environment 19.1 (2014): 95-121. https://www.academia.edu/13211214/Aristotelian_Ethics_and_Biophilia
6. ^Kahn, Peter; Kellert, Stephen (2002). Children and nature: psychological, sociocultural, and evolutionary investigations. MIT Press. p. 153. ISBN0-262-11267-1.
7. ^Katcher, Aaron (2002). 'Animals in Therapeutic Education: Guides into the Liminal State'. In Kahn, Peter H.; Kellert, Stephen R (eds.). Children and Nature: Psychological, Sociocultural, and Evolutionary Investigations. MIT Press. ISBN0-262-11267-1. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
8. ^Miller, James R. (1 August 2005). 'Biodiversity conservation and the extinction of experience'. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 20 (8): 430–434. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2005.05.013. ISSN0169-5347. PMID16701413.
9. ^Rogers, Kara. 'Biophilia Hypothesis'. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 10 Feb 2015.
10. ^'Biophilic Cities'. Biophilic Cities. Retrieved 10 Mar 2015.
11. ^Kellert, Stephen R. (ed.) (1993). The Biophilia Hypothesis. Island Press. ISBN1-55963-147-3.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
12. ^'Biophilic Design: The Architecture of Life'. www.stephenrkellert.net. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
13. ^Caperna A., Serafini S. (2015). Biourbanism as new epistemological perspective between Science, Design and Nature. In Architecture & Sustainability: Critical Perspectives. 'Generating sustainability concepts from an architectural perspective', KU Leuven - Faculty of Engineering, Belgium). ISBN9789462920880
14. ^Caperna A., Giangrande A., Mirabelli P., Mortola E., (2013). Partecipazione e ICT. Gangemi Editore [1]ISBN9788849225365
15. ^C. Alexander, The Nature of Order: An Essay on the Art of Building and the Nature of the Universe, Center for Environmental Structure, 2002
16. ^ Serafini, S. (2009). Totalitarismo del brutto. No alle archistar. In Bioarchitettura, 59 (Ottobre), pp. 4-11.
17. ^Caperna, A., Tracada, E. (2012). Biourbanism for a Healthy City. Biophilia and sustainable urban theories and practices. Bannari Amman Institute of Technology (BIT), Sathyamangalam, India, 3–5 September 2012
18. ^Caperna A., Serafini S. (2015). Biourbanism as new epistemological perspective between Science, Design and Nature. In Architecture & Sustainability: Critical Perspectives. 'Generating sustainability concepts from an architectural perspective', KU Leuven - Faculty of Engineering, Belgium). ISBN9789462920880
19. ^UKCIP (2015-11-19). 'Biourbanism as a new epistemological perspective between science, des…'.Cite journal requires journal= (help)
20. ^Windows looking out to plants helping the healing process
21. ^Park, SH; Mattson, RH (2009). 'Ornamental indoor plants in hospital rooms enhanced health outcomes of patients recovering from surgery'. J Altern Complement Med. 15 (9): 975–80. doi:10.1089/acm.2009.0075. PMID19715461.
22. ^'Arousing Biophilia'. arts.envirolink.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
23. ^See Sanzaro's extended treatment of how algorithms are helping fuel techno-biophilia, 'Society Elsewhere: Why the Gravest Threat to Humanity Will Come From Within.'

External links[edit]

• The Economics of Biophilia - Terrapin Bright Green
• Biophilia, website for Biophilia magazine
• 'Biophilic Design Patterns: Emerging Nature-Based Parameters for Health and Well-Being in the Built Environment' by Catherine O. Ryan, William D Browning, Joseph O Clancy, Scott L Andrews, Namita B Kallianpurkar (ArchNet-International Journal of Architectural Research)
• 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design - Terrapin Bright Green
• 'Biophilia: Does Visual Contact with Nature Impact on Health and Well-Being?' - National Center for Biotechnology Information
• 'Biophilic Architecture and Biophilic Design' by Antonio Caperna, International Society of Biourbanism
• 'Biourbanism for a healthy city: biophilia and sustainable urban theories and practices' by Antonio Caperna and Eleni Tracada, University of Derby (UK) - UDORA Repository
• 'Introduction to Biophilic Biophilic Design' by Antonio Caperna, International Society of Biourbanism
• 'Biophilic Design', Journal of Biourbanism Volume VI (1&2/2017) by Antonio Caperna Editor in Chief, International Society of Biourbanism

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Honors Theses

Date of Award

Spring 5-9-2020

Document Type

Undergraduate Thesis

Department

Classics

First Advisor

Jacqueline DiBiasie-Sammons

Second Advisor

Molly Pasco-Pranger

Third Advisor

John Samonds

Relational Format

Dissertation/Thesis

Abstract

In this thesis, I explore the usage and purpose of amber objects in burials from Etruria, specifically from the late Villanovan Period (ca. 800-720 BCE) to the Orientalizing Period (ca. 720-580 BCE). I have followed a combination of quantitative and qualitative research approaches as well as visual analysis of amber grave goods. While there has been extensive research on the medicinal and ritual purposes of amber grave goods from excavated Etruscan tombs, I show that there was likely a specific interest in amber that contains organic inclusions likely because of the Etruscans’ interest in nature. I examine the presence and types of amber objects found in female graves of two Etruscan necropoleis and hypothesize what these objects might tell us about the lives of Etruscan women. The findings suggest that amber artifacts exemplify the culture’s biophilia, i.e. reverence for nature.

Recommended Citation

Koshenina, Greta Rose, 'Etruscan Biophilia Viewed through Magical Amber' (2020). Honors Theses. 1432.
https://egrove.olemiss.edu/hon_thesis/1432

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