Power The Grid Mac OS

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Once you’ve written the image file onto the SD card, there’re a few steps you’ll have to follow in order to configure your new Pwnagotchi properly.

PLEASE NOTE:As we migraded from yaml to toml as our configuration language, you probably want to have a look at the toml reference. If you update from an old pwnagotchi version, your old configuration will be loaded and automatically saved in the new toml format. The old configuration won't be deleted, but not be used anymore. In the future yaml-support will be completly dropped.

Initial Configuration

For the initial configuration, the easiest way is creating a new config.toml file of the boot partition of the SD card.This partition should be easily accessible from your computer regardless of your operating system as it is a simple FAT32.

In this process you might define your unit’s name, which network to whitelist and the type of display you use. The followingis the example configuration for a unit with a Waveshare V2 display, for more detailed configuration instructions refer to thesections below.

The software will install this file to /etc/pwnagotchi/config.toml (and it will remove it from the SD card) during boot.

After the first boot, you can open the /etc/pwnagotchi/config.toml file (either via SSH or by directly editing the SD card’s contents from a computer with a card reader) to override the default configuration with your custom values.

Restoring a Backup

If you want to restore a backup instead, you can copy the contents of the /etc/pwnagotchi backupped folder in the FAT32 boot partition as /boot/pwnagotchi.This way the whole folder containing the configuration and the RSA keypair will be moved to /etc/pwnagotchi during boot. Restoring this folder this way will allow the unit to boot without the need to generate a new RSA keypair, an operation that takes time and would be completely pointless if a backup needs to be restored anyway.

Given that the FAT32 boot partition is limited in size, other folders and files that are part of the backup will need to be copied manually either to the SD card, if it’s possible to mount it on a host computer, or via SSH with cable or bluetooth connectivity as explained in the following sections.

Choose your unit’s language

Pwnagotchi displays it’s UI in English by default, but it can speak several other languages! If you’re fine with English, you don’t need to do anything special here.

But if you do want to change what language Pwnagotchi displays its status in, you can change main.lang to one of the supported languages:

  • English(default)
  • German
  • Italian
  • French
  • Russian
  • Dutch
  • Greek
  • Swedish
  • Macedonian
  • Irish
  • Japanese (*set ui.font.name to “fonts-japanese-gothic”*)
  • Polish
  • Portugese
  • Portugese (Brazilian)
  • Bulgarian
  • Ukrainian
  • Czech

If you want to contribute a new language (or improve an existing translation!), you can check out the Adding a Language doc for more details.

Set your PwnGrid preferences

By default, the gridplugin is only partially enabled. This means that whenever the unit will detect internet connectivity while in MANUAL mode, it will signal its existence to the PwnGrid server by sending ONLY the following enrollment data:

  • The cryptographic identity of the unit, generated at first boot and used for authentication.
  • The output of the uname -a command on the unit used to determine the type of hardware.

If you would like your unit to participate in PwnGrid’s community rankings and scoreboards (PwnGrid is like Pokémon Go, but for WiFi!), as well as be a data point in regional (country-level) statistics, you can fully opt-in to PwnGrid by enabling your unit to send the PwnGrid API some basic information about the networks it has pwned. None of your unit’s captured cryptographic material is sent to the PwnGrid server; ONLY the minimum information to enroll the unit in the PwnGrid database (see above) and calculate how many networks it has “conquered” so far, namely:

  • The list of networks that the unit collected handshakes of (consisting of their BSSID and ESSID).

In order to fully opt-in to PwnGrid, you must make the following change in your /etc/pwnagotchi/config.toml file:

Even if you have decided to fully opted-in to PwnGrid, you can still disable reporting for specific networks—for instance, if you don’t want your home network to be in the system:

If instead you prefer to completely opt-out by also disabling signaling:

Select your display

If you want to use the web UI (instead of an e-ink display attached to your unit's RPi0W) to see your Pwnagotchi's face, check out the User Interface doc for more details on using the web UI.

Set the type of display you want to use via ui.display.type.If your display does not work after changing this setting, you might need to completely remove power from the Raspberry Pi and make a clean boot.

Currently supported:

  • waveshare_2 for the V2 version of Waveshare’s ePaper HAT, this is the recommended and officially supported display.
  • waveshare_1 for the V1 legacy version of Waveshare’s ePaper HAT
  • waveshare27inch for 2.7inch e-Paper HAT
  • waveshare154inch for 1.54inch e-Paper Module (B)
  • inky for Pimoroni’s Inky pHAT.
  • papirus for PaPiRus Zero.
  • oledhat for Waveshare’s OLED Hat.
  • dfrobot for DFRobot’s eInk Hat

You can configure the refresh interval of the display via ui.fps. We recommend using a slow refresh rate to avoid shortening the lifetime of your e-ink display. The default value is 0, which will only refresh when changes are made to the screen.

First Boot

Your config.toml file in the boot partition of the SD card should now look something like the following (with theright differences if you’re using different hardware):

Congratulations! Your SD card is now ready for the first boot! 👾 🎉

Connect to your Pwnagotchi

You can connect to your Pwnagotchi via SSH.

PLEASE NOTE: If you cannot connect to your Pwnagotchi no matter what you try, ensure that the micro-USB you are using allows data transfer and doesn't ONLY provide charge. Cheaper quality micro-USB cords often do not support data transfer and will NOT allow you to actually connect to your Pwnagotchi. :'( Use a quality cord!

  1. Start by connecting the micro-USB cable to the data port of your Pwnagotchi’s RPi0W, then connect the other end of that cable to your computer.
  2. If your Pwnagotchi has already been booted up at least once before: after a few seconds, you will see a new Ethernet interface on your host computer.
    • If you have never booted your Pwnagotchi before: it will take a few minutes to boot up &/or become visible or responsive. DO NOT INTERRUPT YOUR PWNAGOTCHI DURING THIS PROCESS. That extra time it takes to boot the first time you turn your Pwnagotchi on? It’s because it is generating its RSA keys; if you interrupt this process, the generated keys may be corrupted!
  3. You’ll need to configure it with a static IP address:
    • IP: 10.0.0.1
    • Netmask: 255.255.255.0
    • Gateway: 10.0.0.1
    • DNS (if required): 8.8.8.8(or whatever)
  4. If everything’s been configured properly, you will now be able to ping either 10.0.0.2 or pwnagotchi.local
    • If you have already configured the name of your Pwnagotchi, pwnagotchi.local won’t work. Instead, try your unit’s hostname + .local.
  5. Congratulations! You should now be able to connect to your unit using SSH:

Connecting to Pi0w with MicroUSB cable on Linux Host

DEV NOTE: These are directions for the recommended hardware, a Pi0w - and connecting to it from a Linux based host via a Micro-USB through the data port. This was written while connecting to a Pi0w with a Data Capable MicroUSB to a Macbook Pro late 2012 running Ubuntu 19.04. It will also work on Lenovo's running Ubuntu 19.04 and 19.10. We can not guarantee these specific directions work on any other OS.

Pre-Face

  • If you have any wired interfaces on your host PC, you will need to remove them from Network Manager so we can be sure you have everything set correctly, on the correct interface.
  • If you are using Wi-Fi on your host computer, you need to be certain that your routers IP address scheme is not in the 10.0.0.1/24 range. If it is, you should turn Wi-Fi off initially to best troubleshoot your connectivity issues, then change the interface IP scheme on your Pi once you can ssh to it.
  • These settings are only verified to work on, 1.a Pi0w, with a 2.MicroUSB data capable cable,3. the newest released image found on our Githubwhich at the time of writing is v1.3.0.

Steps to complete on your host (the pc that you are connecting the Pi to)

  1. First, type ifconfig to check and take note of the names of your current interfaces, and what is now recognized as an adapter on your system. Take note of the Mac Addresses that you see in this output.
  2. Starting with a clean slate in your Network Manager (remove all wired interface profiles that you have on your Network Manager,) plug your unpowered Pi0w into your computer through the data port seen in the picture shown above .
  3. Wait until your Pi boots into Manu mode. Once you see the breakdown that Pwnagotchi does when in MANU mode, type ifconfig again on your host machine and look for a new interface that was not there during Step 1.(Take EXTRA note of the new interfaces mac address, I will be referencing this mac address on multiple occasions as Step 3.)
    • If you have never booted your Pwnagotchi before: it will take a few minutes to boot up &/or become visible or responsive. DO NOT INTERRUPT YOUR PWNAGOTCHI DURING THIS PROCESS. That extra time it takes to boot the first time you turn your Pwnagotchi on? It’s because it is generating its RSA keys; if you interrupt this process, the generated keys may be corrupted!
  4. On Network Manager on your PC/Host, (if there are no interfaces automatically added, you can attempt to add a new interface by selecting the mac address noted in Step 3 for the interface profile) select Settings > IPv4 and then change from automatic to manual, then for your address, you’ll need to configure it with a static IP address and then press apply in the top right:
    • IP: 10.0.0.1
    • Netmask: 255.255.255.0
    • DNS (If Required): 8.8.8.8 (or whatever)
  5. Back in your terminal, type ifconfig and look for the interface that you found in Step 3, and that you edited the settings for in Step 4. If you see the following on the second line of the interface that matches the mac address from Step 3, you should now be able to enter ping 10.0.0.2 and receive a response from your pi.
  1. Congratulations! You should now be able to connect to your unit using SSH:

TIP: you may need to use the `linux_connection_share.sh` script before your PC will allow you to ssh to your Pi. [Host connection sharing](/configuration/#host-connection-sharing)

DEV NOTE: if you have some issues, either you are using the wrong cord, or your Operating System is missing required drivers, or something mostly out of our control. We can't help everyone with their networking, sorry

About your SSH connection

The default password is raspberry; you should change it as soon as you log in for the first time by issuing the passwd command and selecting a new and more complex passphrase.

If you want to login directly without entering a password (recommended and necessary for certain packaged scripts to work, like backup.sh for instance!), copy your SSH public key to the unit’s authorized keys:

Host connection sharing

Want to be able to update your Pwnagotchi and access things from the internet on it? Sure you do!

Grid
  1. Connect to the Pwnagotchi unit via usb0 (A.K.A., using the data port).
  2. Run the appropriate connection sharing script to bring the interface up on your end and share internet connectivity from another interface:
OSScript LocationLink
Linuxscripts/linux_connection_share.shlink
Mac OS Xscripts/macos_connection_share.shlink
Windowsscripts/win_connection_share.ps1link

Bluetooth

If you want to upload your handshakes while walking, want to use your smartphone as a display or simply shutdown your pwnagotchi gracefully, you can use the bt-tether-plugin.

Make sure to explicitly enable Bluetooth Tethering on your Phone (usually in Settings -> Hotspot or similar) before pairing. Otherwise your Pwnagotchi will pair with your phone but you won't be able to create a Personal Area Network (PAN) even if you enable it after.

Now in pwnagotchi’s config.toml add the following:

The legacy configuration (without the `devices` key) is still supported, but should be converted as soon as possible.

Your pwnagotchi will indicate the status via a little BT symbol at the top of the screen.The status codes are:

  • C Connected: This means the connection to the device has been established.
  • NF Not found: This means the connection to the device could not be established (probably because it could not be found).
  • PE Pairing Error: This error occurs on a pairing problem.
  • BE Bnep Error: This error occurs, when the NAP could not be created.
  • AE Address Error: The IP could not be assigned to the NAP interface.

If you want to fix these problems, the first step should be to start pwnagotchi with --debug andcheck the log file (/var/log/pwnagotchi.log) for related debug messages.

Known problems

Some users had problems with the auto pairing feature of the plugin (in old versions). If your pwnagotchi should not make an effort to connect to your bluetooth device after a few minutes, there is a chance that this can be fixed by doing the pairing manually. To do this, put your phone in discoverable mode. On your pwnagotchi, run sudo bluetoothctl and once in the bluetooth-shell, type scan on. That will scan the environment for nearby bluetooth devices.Pick the mac of your phone and type pair <mac> and trust <mac>. In short time (maybe not immediately)you will be prompted on the phone to allow connection from your pwnagotchi hostname.

Sdcard protection

As you may know, sdcards have a limited count of write cycles and can break from time to time. Agood way to prevent this is to minimize the writes to sdcard. Pwnagotchi has the ability to mountcertain directories into memory and only write it back to the sdcard after a certain interval.To activate this functionality, you have to change your config to:

The full configuration of a mount looks like this:

Encryption

Shit happenz. What if you loose your pwnagotchi? All your data, configuration incl. api-keys, are lost.To prevent the leak of your sensible data, it’s a good idea to encrypt your data.

To do this, we can make use of the dm-crypt subsystem of linux.

How does it work?

Pwnagotchi will look for the file /root/.pwnagotchi-crypted.Every line in this file represents a luks-container that will be decrypted and mounted before pwnagotchi starts.

Each line must be in the following format:

Example

But how does pwnagotchi decrypts it?

The following will happen do make it possible:

  1. A hotspot will be started (Name:DECRYPT-ME; Password:pwnagotchi)
  2. The user will have to connect to this wifi and open a browser (Redirection should work;if not go tohttp://192.168.0.10/).
  3. Password must be submitted via the following form:

Example: Encrypt the configuration directory

Let’s do this together! やりましょう！

All done configuring your new Pwnagotchi? Time to learn how to take care of your new friend over in Usage!

If your network connection keeps flapping on your device connecting to your Pwnagotchi:* Check if usb0 (or equivalent) device is being controlled by NetworkManager.* You can check this via nmcli dev status.* If you are having trouble connecting to your Pi via USB, be sure you are using a microUSB cord that is capable of data transfer

macOS Catalina introduces Voice Control, a new way to fully control your Mac entirely with your voice. Voice Control uses the Siri speech-recognition engine to improve on the Enhanced Dictation feature available in earlier versions of macOS.1

How to turn on Voice Control

After upgrading to macOS Catalina, follow these steps to turn on Voice Control:

  1. Choose Apple menu  > System Preferences, then click Accessibility.
  2. Click Voice Control in the sidebar.
  3. Select Enable Voice Control. When you turn on Voice Control for the first time, your Mac completes a one-time download from Apple.2
    Voice Control preferences

When Voice Control is enabled, you see an onscreen microphone representing the mic selected in Voice Control preferences.

To pause Voice Control and stop it from from listening, say ”Go to sleep” or click Sleep. To resume Voice Control, say or click ”Wake up.”

How to use Voice Control

Get to know Voice Control by reviewing the list of voice commands available to you: Say “Show commands” or ”Show me what I can say.” The list varies based on context, and you may discover variations not listed. To make it easier to know whether Voice Control heard your phrase as a command, you can select ”Play sound when command is recognized” in Voice Control preferences.

Basic navigation

Voice Control recognizes the names of many apps, labels, controls, and other onscreen items, so you can navigate by combining those names with certain commands. Here are some examples:

  • Open Pages: ”Open Pages.” Then create a new document: ”Click New Document.” Then choose one of the letter templates: 'Click Letter. Click Classic Letter.” Then save your document: ”Save document.”
  • Start a new message in Mail: ”Click New Message.” Then address it: ”John Appleseed.”
  • Turn on Dark Mode: ”Open System Preferences. Click General. Click Dark.” Then quit System Preferences: ”Quit System Preferences” or ”Close window.”
  • Restart your Mac: ”Click Apple menu. Click Restart” (or use the number overlay and say ”Click 8”).

You can also create your own voice commands.

Number overlays

Use number overlays to quickly interact with parts of the screen that Voice Control recognizes as clickable, such as menus, checkboxes, and buttons. To turn on number overlays, say ”Show numbers.” Then just say a number to click it.

Number overlays make it easy to interact with complex interfaces, such as web pages. For example, in your web browser you could say ”Search for Apple stores near me.” Then use the number overlay to choose one of the results: ”Show numbers. Click 64.” (If the name of the link is unique, you might also be able to click it without overlays by saying ”Click” and the name of the link.)

Voice Control automatically shows numbers in menus and wherever you need to distinguish between items that have the same name.


Grid overlays

Use grid overlays to interact with parts of the screen that don't have a control, or that Voice Control doesn't recognize as clickable.

Say “Show grid” to show a numbered grid on your screen, or ”Show window grid” to limit the grid to the active window. Say a grid number to subdivide that area of the grid, and repeat as needed to continue refining your selection.

To click the item behind a grid number, say ”Click” and the number. Or say ”Zoom” and the number to zoom in on that area of the grid, then automatically hide the grid. You can also use grid numbers to drag a selected item from one area of the grid to another: ”Drag 3 to 14.”

To hide grid numbers, say ”Hide numbers.” To hide both numbers and grid, say ”Hide grid.”

Dictation

When the cursor is in a document, email message, text message, or other text field, you can dictate continuously. Dictation converts your spoken words into text.

  • To enter a punctuation mark, symbol, or emoji, just speak its name, such as ”question mark” or ”percent sign” or ”happy emoji.” These may vary by language or dialect.
  • To move around and select text, you can use commands like ”Move up two sentences” or ”Move forward one paragraph” or ”Select previous word” or ”Select next paragraph.”
  • To format text, try ”Bold that” or ”Capitalize that,” for example. Say ”numeral” to format your next phrase as a number.
  • To delete text, you can choose from many delete commands. For example, say “delete that” and Voice Control knows to delete what you just typed. Or say ”Delete all” to delete everything and start over.

Voice Control understands contextual cues, so you can seamlessly transition between text dictation and commands. For example, to dictate and then send a birthday greeting in Messages, you could say ”Happy Birthday. Click Send.” Or to replace a phrase, say ”Replace I’m almost there with I just arrived.”

You can also create your own vocabulary for use with dictation.

Create your own voice commands and vocabulary

Create your own voice commands

  1. Open Voice Control preferences, such as by saying ”Open Voice Control preferences.”
  2. Click Commands or say ”Click Commands.” The complete list of all commands opens.
  3. To add a new command, click the add button (+) or say ”Click add.” Then configure these options to define the command:
    • When I say: Enter the word or phrase that you want to be able to speak to perform the action.
    • While using: Choose whether your Mac performs the action only when you're using a particular app.
    • Perform: Choose the action to perform. You can open a Finder item, open a URL, paste text, paste data from the clipboard, press a keyboard shortcut, select a menu item, or run an Automator workflow.
  4. Use the checkboxes to turn commands on or off. You can also select a command to find out whether other phrases work with that command. For example, “Undo that” works with several phrases, including “Undo this” and “Scratch that.”

To quickly add a new command, you can say ”Make this speakable.” Voice Control will help you configure the new command based on the context. For example, if you speak this command while a menu item is selected, Voice Control helps you make a command for choosing that menu item.

Create your own dictation vocabulary

  1. Open Voice Control preferences, such as by saying ”Open Voice Control preferences.”
  2. Click Vocabulary, or say ”Click Vocabulary.”
  3. Click the add button (+) or say ”Click add.”
  4. Type a new word or phrase as you want it to be entered when spoken.

Learn more

Power The Grid Mac Os 11

  • For the best performance when using Voice Control with a Mac notebook computer and an external display, keep your notebook lid open or use an external microphone.
  • All audio processing for Voice Control happens on your device, so your personal data is always kept private.
  • Use Voice Control on your iPhone or iPod touch.
  • Learn more about accessibility features in Apple products.

Power The Grid Mac Os Catalina

1. Voice Control uses the Siri speech-recognition engine for U.S. English only. Other languages and dialects use the speech-recognition engine previously available with Enhanced Dictation.

Os Grid Squares Uk

2. If you're on a business or school network that uses a proxy server, Voice Control might not be able to download. Have your network administrator refer to the network ports used by Apple software products.